Indian Culture and Traditions - 24



























The List of Celebrities who Converted to Hinduism



Christianity
  • Chantal Boulanger - French anthropologist who wrote widely on Tamil culture[1].
  • Russell Brand - British actor and comedian.[2]
  • Claudia Ciesla - German model, actress, and singer embraced Hinduism and believes in Karma.
  • Job Charnock - British trade agent who has been controversially described as the founder of Calcutta[3]
  • Ilan Chester - Venezuelan singer, keyboardist, arranger and composer[4]
  • Alice Coltrane (raised Baptist but became a follower of Satya Sai Baba) – American jazz pianist, organist, harpist, and composer[5][6]
  • Michael Cremo - American creationist, author, and editor[7]
  • Bhagavan Das (born Kermit Michael Riggs) – Western Yogi and former born again Christian [8]
  • Roy Eugene Davis - American Kriya Yoga teacher[9]
  • Krishna Dharma - British author and convert to Gaudiya Vaishnavism under ISKCON[10]
  • David Frawley - author on Hinduism, Yoga and Ayurveda[11]
  • Elizabeth Gilbert - author of Eat Pray Love [12]
  • George Harrison - popular English musician, best known as a member of The Beatles who died chanting the Hare Krishna Mahamantra in the company of monks fromISKCON.[13] He is also known for donating Bhaktivedanta Manor, a Hindu temple to the Hare Krishna community in Britain.[14]
  • Ilaiyaraaja - Tamil music director.[15]
  • Christopher Isherwood - Anglo-American novelist[16]
  • Jomol - Malayali actress [17]
  • Swami Kriyananda (born J. Donald Walters) – direct disciple of the yogi Paramahansa Yogananda
  • Timothy Leary - Harvard professor and American writer and psychologist[18]
  • Satsvarupa Dasa Goswami - one of the eleven senior Americans selected to become an initiating guru in ISKCON.[19][20][21][22][23][24]
  • Savitri Devi Mukherji (born Maximiani Portas) - French woman who became enamoured with Hinduism and Nazism, trying to synthesise Hinduism with Nazi philosophy and racial ideology
  • Sister Nivedita (born Margaret Elizabeth Noble) – Anglo-Irish social worker, author, and teacher[25]
  • Leelawathy Ramanathan - Australia-born Hindu writer and activist. Converted upon marrying Ponnambalam Ramanathan[26]
  • John Levy - British philosopher who translated books on Advaita Vedanta[27]
  • Joseph Ritson - English antiquarian and traveller[28]
  • Julia Roberts - American Actress.[29]
  • Han Snel - Dutch painter of Bali[30]
  • Satyananda Stokes - Famous English farmer in Himachal Pradesh[31]
  • Bhakti Tirtha Swami (born John E. Favors) – American Hindu leader and disciple of Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada[32]
  • Romapada Swami - Preacher of ISKCON[33].
  • Kenneth R. Valpey - Gaudiya Vaishnava Theologian who studied at Oxford University, St. Cross College[34]
  • Richard L. Thompson - American mathematician, academic, creationist, and author [35]
  • Shaunaka Rishi Das (born Timothy Kiernan) – Director of the Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies

slam
  • Bukka I - King of Vijayanagara empire who converted to Islam, then reconverted. The early life of Bukka as well as his brother Hakka (also known as Harihara I) are relatively unknown and most accounts of their early life are based on theories.[37][38]
  • Nargis - noted Bollywood actress, politician, and social worker. Mother of actor Sanjay Dutt she converted to Hinduism and took the name of Nirmala Dutt on her marriage to actor Sunil Dutt
  • Annapurna Devi (born Roshanara Khan) - surbahar (bass sitar) player and music teacher in the North Indian classical tradition. She converted to Hinduism upon marriage.[39]
  • Harilal Mohandas Gandhi - son of Mahatma Gandhi. Upon converting to Islam he adopted the name Abdullah Gandhi, but later again reverted back to Hinduism.[36]
  • Asha Gawli - (born Ayesha) Wife of Arun Gawli, notorious gangster turned politician from Mumbai, India. She converted to Hinduism upon marriage.[40]
  • Harihara I - King of Vijayanagara Empire who converted to Islam, then reconverted[38]
  • Aashish Khan (born Ustad Aashish Khan Debsharma) – Indian musician[41]
  • Hassan Palakkode - Malayali writer on Islam[42]
  • Netaji Palkar - Maratha noble and commander-in-chief of the army of Shivaji, 19 June 1676.[43][44][45]
  • Sarmad - 17th century mystical poet and sufi saint, arrived from Persia to India, beheaded for assumed heresy by the Mughal emperor, Aurungzebe. Sarmad renounced Judaism, briefly converting to Islam and then Hinduism. He later denounced all religions and rejected belief in god.[46][47]
  • Anwar Shaikh - British author.[48]
  • Ifa Sudewi - Chief judge for the 2002 Bali bombing trials[49][50]
  • Khushboo Sundar - Tamil movie actress. She converted to Hinduism upon marriage.[51]
  • Haridas Thakura - Prominent Vaishnavite saint, instrumental in the early appearance and spread of Hare Krishna movement.[52]
  • Zubeida - Hindi film actress, on whose life story the film Zubeidaa was based. She converted to Hinduism upon marriage.[53]
  • Nalini Patel (born Nayyara Mirza) – Miss India finalist of 1967, was the first Muslim to participate in the pageant. She converted to Hinduism after marriage. She is settled in the USA.[54]
  • Sonam (born Bakhtawar Murad) – Wife of Bollywood director Rajiv Rai. She converted to Hinduism upon marriage. She is the niece of character actor Raza Murad and granddaughter of veteran character actor Murad. She is the cousin of actress Sanober Kabir.[citation needed]

Judaism
  • Krishna Das (born Jeffrey Kagel) – singer who performs Indian chants called kirtans[citation needed]
  • Ram Dass (born Richard Alpert) - syncretist, and follower of the Hindu deity Hanuman. Professor of psychology at Harvard University[55]
  • Hridayananda Goswami (born Howard J. Resnick) – American spiritual leader of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness[56]
  • Tamal Krishna Goswami (born Thomas G. Herzig) – governing body commissioner of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness[citation needed]
  • Radhanath_Swami (born Richard Slavin) – is a Gaudiya Vaishnava guru and a member of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), author of The Journey Home: Autobiography of an American Swami[citation needed]

From other Dharmic religions
Buddhism
  • Mihirakula - Huna ruler[57].
  • Rajasinghe I - Sri Lankan king who conquered Kandy[58]
  • Rishabhadatta - Satrap viceroy[59]
  • Rudradaman I - Satrap ruler and conqueror of the Satavahanas[60]
  • Vasudeva I - Kushan king and numismatist[61]
Jainism
  • Mahendravarman I - Pallava King and patron of the arts[62].
  • Vishnuvardhana - King of Hoysala empire and prominent temple-builder[63]
  • Tirunavukkarasar - Saivite saint and one of the most prominent of the sixty-three Nayanars[64]

 








Om Tat Sat
                                                        




(My humble salutations to   Sri Ashwa ji and hindu samskrit dot com  for the collection)

Indian Culture and Traditions - 23



























The Challenge Of Time
By Prabuddha Bharata



When I read this article remembered the movie Waqt, a 1960’s classic where the late Balraj Sahni said ‘Never fight time’. His words echo in my ears so often that the futility of fighting time has sort of become engrained in my mind. What does that mean you may ask? Let me illustrate with an example. All of us work hard to become successful and famous. We keep on trying endlessly but thing just do not seem to happen. Why? Happening is a function of Time. Things will happen only when the time is right. On another level writer Shobha De made an interesting remark on how she admired her husband because he understood the importance of time. She said that when Times were bad Shri De would lie low and just carry on with his life.
The Holy Gita talks about living life in equanimity. What does that mean? Simply put it means being unaffected by the ups and downs in life that are functions of Time.
“Time as a concept has engaged the attention of thinkers for a long time. Every waking second in our life is an encounter with time. For both the person of accomplishments and an average person, the day consists of just twenty-four hours. Nothing more, nothing less. But most people have a feeling of time breathing down their neck. Everyone experiences time according to his or her own mental disposition. Just as people regret their past, they also fear their future. The stream of life carries everyone to the one certainty amid all uncertainties: death-though people hardly think about it.
There is an interesting incident in the Mahabharata (‘Vanaparva’). During their stay in the forest, Yudhishthira and his four brothers were once seized with thirst and were on the lookout for water. Yudhishthira asked his brother Nakula to climb a tree and look for any water source. He located a beautiful pool of water surrounded by rich vegetation. When he want there and was about to quench his thirst with his palms full of water, he heard a voice without a form (Yaksha): This pool belongs to me. If you need water from this pool, you have to answer my questions first’. Nakula did not heed those words, drank the water, and drooped down dead. Concerned about his brother, Yudhishthira sent Sahadeva next. He set out, discovered the pool and was sorry to see Nakula’s condition. Nonetheless, not responding to Yaksha’s warning, he too met with the same fate as Nakulas’. Arjuna and Bhima followed him one after the other. They rebuked the voice challenging its owner to reveal himself to be taught a lesson. But they too lost their lives in trying to drink the water from the pool, unheedfull of the warning. Deeply anxious, Yudhishthira went in search of his brothers. He was beside himself with grief on seeing his beloved brothers unconscious on the bank of the pool. His throat fully parched, he approached the pool to quench his thirst. It was Yaksha again: This pool belongs to me. If you want its water, you should first answer my question. Else, your fate will not be different from that of your brothers.
A man of discrimination that he was, Yudhishthira told Yaksha: ‘Well said. Since you own this pool, I don’t have a right to drink this water without your permission. Kindly ask your questions. Yudhishthira’s brilliant answers to Yaksha constitute the important portion of the Mahabharata called ‘Yaksa Prasna’. The story goes that, pleased with Yudhishthira’s answers, Yaksha finally revived all his brothers.
Two important questions and their answers relate to our theme here. The first: What is the news? Yudhishthira’s answer: The news is: Time is cooking all created beings in a huge cauldron of great delusion with the sun as the fire, day and night as fuel, and with months and seasons as the ladle to stir the brew.
The other question illustrates the inevitability of death and people’s attitude to it. Yaksha asked Yudhishthira: What is wonderful? He replied: Every day people go to the abode of Yama (they die). Still the rest of the world desires to live forever. What could be more wonderful than that?’
Can we escape being cooked by time? Can we defy death? Vedanata says it is possible. Before we discuss that, we need to analyze the three states of consciousness we pass through daily.
Waking
We have five windows in our human system to experience the external world in the waking state. These are the five sense organs: ears, skin eyes, tongue and nose. these organs are ever ready to come into contact with their respective sense objects. We gain perceptual experience, in turn, leave impressions in our mind.
The effects of time on the external world are too obvious for explanation: months change; seasons change; what was a body of water once is a mountain today; what was a famous edifice once is submerged in water later. In short, the evanescence of the external world brings out vividly the hand of time. At the individual level, a glimpse at our photographs taken at different times-childhood, boyhood, adulthood and later-impresses upon us the changes time has wrought on the body over the years. But interestingly the 'I’ that has responded to the calls from our near ones over the years has remained the same.
The mind is also active in our waking experiences. Our thinking, feeling and willing influence our actions and determine the direction of our life. We experience the passage of time in accordance with the state of our mind. Time hangs heavily on those who do not have anything worthwhile to do. The same holds good when we slavishly do something unpleasant, not in tune with our nature. On the contrary, when we do something we like-in accordance with our aptitude-time flies, as they say. Similarly, happy experiences make us wonder whether a day consists of more than twenty-four hours!
Again times slips away from us when we allow the mind to drift. Suppose we sit and brood, say at 8 am some day on what to do: have breakfast? Watch the TV? Read the newspaper? Have a bath? And so on. After some thirty minutes we find that we had done nothing worthwhile during that time. The mind has taken us for a ride, making us idle during those thirty minutes. If only we had managed out time well with a daily routine, having something specific to do at 8 am, the mind would not have had a chance to examine different options, hood winking us in the process
Dream
According to Vedanta, dreams are caused by impressions accumulated in the mind not only in this life but also in earlier lives. These impressions are evidently accumulated during the waking state. Dream thoughts and actions do not leave new impressions in the mind. Reactions to them in the waking state, however, will. The notion of time-and space-we have in the dream state is different from that in the waking state. We cover unbelievable distances, traverse years into the past and future, in a dream that lasts maybe for a few minutes according to our waking reckoning. But there is something interesting: the ‘I’ that has dream experiences is the same ‘I’ that has waking experiences.
Deep Sleep
The body and the mind are both inactive in deep sleep, and evidently the world does not exist for the person who sleeps. In the absence of any object to experience, his ‘I’ also is apparently non-existent. When a person gets up from sleep, he describes his sleep experience as ‘I slept happily; I did not know anything. Being detached from our body and mind in deep sleep, we escape the miseries arising out of them: physical pain, stress, tension to name a few. Evidently time does not exist in deep sleep. On waking up however we remember our identities and go about our daily activities. That raises an important question: is there any continuity at all from the time one goes to sleep to the time one awakes?
The Spiritual Dimension
Vedanta says there is a third dimension to the human personality behind the body and the mind. It is called the Atman the eternally pure, ever-conscious and ever-free spiritual dimension in us. This spiritual Reality is the basis and substratum of all the three states of consciousness waking, dream and deep sleep. It is this Reality that provides continuity during deep sleep.
The famous Vedantic equation (mahavakya) says that the spiritual Reality behind the body and the mind, called Atman, is same as the spiritual Reality behind the universe, called Brahman. This Reality transcends time space and causation the three attributes of life in the world. All forms of God that we worship are manifestations of this ultimate Reality called Brahman. The Upanishads emphatically say that by realizing this truth in one’s heart-purified of all desires and cleared of all doubts-one transcends death and becomes immortal Not that the body continues to exist forever. Being born it has to die. But a knower of Brahman-being one with Brahman-is not affected by the fall of the body
Sri Ramakrishna’s life demonstrates that God exist and He can be realized and that God-realization is the goal of human life. Sri Sankara makes it clear in his celebrated work Vivekacudamani that he who does not strive to realize the Atman despite having had a human birth verily commits suicide since he kills himself by clinging to things unreal.
Delusion the Cause of All Trouble
Yudhishthira’s answer to What is the news? Is a thought-provoking one. All created beings are cooked by time in a cauldron of great delusion. As long as we are in delusion we are in the domain of time and keep getting cooked by it. What is this delusion? What is its source?
The mother of all delusion is to believe that we are the body. This basic belief makes the external world and its enjoyments the absolute reality for us. How do we who are essentially spiritual believe that we are the body? Sri Sankara attributes this to maya the power of concealment (of Reality) and of distortion (of Reality). The power of concealment (avaranasakti) conceals the spiritual Reality from us. Sri Ramakrishna would hold a towel in front of his face and ask whether those before him could see him. Similarly he would say we are not able to see God because of the veil of maya. The power of distortion (viksepasakti) distorts the Reality for us. It makes the real appear as the unreal and the unreal as the Real. It makes Brahman the Reality appear as the world with its varied creations.
Hence it is clear that, essentially, the ‘I am the body idea is the root cause of all trouble. The feeling of mine regarding things in the world stems from this main idea. Sri Sankara in his illuminating commentary on the Kathopanisad (1.3.12), says: Also how unfathomable, inscrutable and variegated is this maya! Every creature thought in reality identical with the supreme Reality and is instructed as such does not grasp the fact that “I am the supreme Self.” On the contrary even without being told he accepts as his Self the non-selves-the aggregate of the body and senses under the idea “I am the son of such a one” though the latter are objects of perception (and hence not the Self).
Delusion again forms part of a graded series beautifully outlined in the Bhagavadgita ‘Brooding over sense objects one develops attachment to them. Attachment gives rise to desire (to possess the objects). Desire results in anger (towards obstacles to its fulfillment). Anger results in delusion (moha). From delusion follows loss of memory (of one’s spiritual nature). This results in loss of buddhi (discrimination), which leads to spiritual death. In short it was the mind’s luxury to brood over sense objects that triggered the systematic downfall ending in spiritual death.
Seeking the Spiritual Reality Within
Time’s cooking essentially pertains to the body, which is characterized by six modifications: It comes into being (jayate), continues to exist as an object (asti), grows (vardhate), undergoes transformation (viparinamate)-like childhood, youth and old age-decays (apaksiyate) and dies (nasyati). These changes, however, do not exist in the Atman since it is birth less, deathless, eternal, and is not killed even when the body is killed.
As long as one lives a body-centered life pampering it, abusing it with indulgence, driven by desires-time’s cooking will not cease. So a new orientation to life is called for. But things do not appear to be easy. Though a person understands what is good for him, he continues with his old ways in spite of himself, as if forced by someone. What is that force? Arjuna posed the same question to Sri Krishna. The Lord replied: ‘It is desire and anger that are responsible for his predicament. Both are born of rajas. They are great devourers and sinners. Know them to be your enemies. He continues:…. The manas is superior to the sense organs. The buddhi is superior to the mind. The Atman is superior to the buddhi. Understanding thus, and completely establishing the mind in the Atman, vanquish the enemy in the form of desire, an enemy very difficult to subdue.’
So it is clear that one needs to seek the spiritual Reality within to free oneself from the effects of time. The first step in this seeking is to awaken the buddhi, the discriminative faculty in us.
Need to Awaken the Buddhi
Buddhi is an important faculty in human personality having a significant role in character development and mind control. It is essentially a function of the mind. Technically, the mind is called manas when it is busy examining different options set before it, yet to arrive at a decision. It is the deliberative faculty in us. When a decision has been arrived at, it is called buddhi. Buddhi is also the seat of discrimination.
The Katha Upanisad brilliantly describes the role of the buddhi with the help of an allegory. The body is compared to a chariot, and the ‘I’ in us experiencing the vagaries of the body and mind, compared to the master of the chariot. The buddhi is equated to the charioteer, the manas is compared to the reins and the five sense organs, to the horses. Sense objects are compared to the road.
If the horses are not broken and if the driver is not awake, and the chariot is in motion, that would be a dangerous situation indeed! The reins the driver and the master-all this will be taken for a ride by the horses! Similarly, if a person’s senses are not subdued, his mind, buddhi and he himself will follow the pull of the senses. The course of such a human journey is determined by the sense organs.
On the contrary if the horses are broken and the driver wide-awake and intelligent, the chariot will reach it’s destination-the place where the master wants to go-without any trouble. With the sensory system under control and the mind disciplined with the help of an awakened buddhi, life’s journey will reach its destination, which is God-realization.
The above allegory helps us get a better grasp of the human system. The untrained mind  (lured by the sense) does not cooperate with us but keeps acting against our interest as an enemy. When disciplined the same mind acts as our friend. The challenge lies, therefore in making a friend of our mind with the help of the buddhi. The training necessary to convert the enemy mind into a friendly mind is achieved by spiritual discipline.
        
Aids to Mind Training
Swami Vivekananda describes four yogas as paths God-realization: selfless work (karma yoga), devotion (bhakti yoga), meditation (raja yoga) and discrimination and philosophic reasoning (jnana yoga). A discussion on these yogas is beyond the scope of this essay. However, we try to outline some mind training techniques based on them.
Time management: A strict daily routine is a great help in disciplining the mind and reducing its gyrations. A spiritual aspirant tries to live an ordered life with time allocations for all his daily activities. The enemy mind is sure to rebel at every point protesting that its freedom is infringed. But a patient adherence to the routine ignoring the mind’s protests will help awaken and strengthen the buddhi, the vital factor in mind control.
Cultivating a proper attitude towards work: Sri Ramakrishna advocated living in the world and performing one’s duties like a maidservant in a rich man’s house: She performs all the household duties, but her thoughts are fixed on her own home in her native village. She brings up her master’s children as if they were her own. She even speaks of them as “my Rama” or “my Hari”. But in her own mind she knows very well that they do not belong to her at all…… Do all your duties in the world, but keep your mind on God.
Doing all work with a worshipful attitude-with one’s whole mind on the work-as an offering to God is a potent means for mind control. Says Swami Vivekananda: Every duty is holy and devotion to duty is the highest form of worship of God. Doing one’s work with one’s whole mind strengthens the capacity to watch the vagaries of the mind. This ‘watching’ the mind in turn strengthens the buddhi, the importance of which was discussed earlier.
Cultivating devotion to God: The earlier one takes to devotional practices, the better are the chances of one’s success in the struggle against the mind. In his famous Bhajagovindam Sri Sankara admonishes an old man indulging in intricacies of Sanskrit grammar: When the end of life is near, grammar rules will be of no avail. Worship the Lord! Sri Krishna advocates devotion to God in this transient and miserable world.
A sincere spiritual aspirant is conscious of the evanescence of life, and reminds himself of the admonition of the Hitopadesa: '‘practise dharma as if the locks of your hair are held by death. He prays to God and seeks His refuge and protection even now: One’s lifespan keeps reducing every day, and youth decays. Gone are days spent, never to return. Time is the great devourer of this world. Prosperity is as fleeting and fickle as the waves on the ocean; life itself is as momentary as Lightning. Therefore, O Giver of refuge, grant me protection even now; I have taken refuge in You!
To sum up. All created beings are subjected to time’s ravages driving them to the one certainty: death. Seeking and discovering the latent spiritual dimension in us alone can make us impervious to time’s cooking. This is possible by training the mind and the sensory system, following spiritual disciplines and realizing the spiritual Reality within. For it is only the body that is cooked by time, not the eternal Atman”.
 








Om Tat Sat
                                                        
(Continued...) 




(My humble salutations to  Prabuddha Bharata and hindu samskrit dot com  for the collection)

Indian Culture and Traditions - 22





























Is India A Spiritual Disneyland
By Ram Lingam


As a spiritual destination India has been well known for eons. For centuries, the world has been at India’s doorstep for her science and wealth and got influenced by her spirituality. Given the smorgasbord of spiritual traditions in India, India has been called a spiritual Disneyland for a decade or so by people who got instructed into the transcendent. So, does that make India a Spiritual Disneyland and is this term justified?
In 2004 Alfred Ford, a great grandson of Henry Ford was planning  a magnificent religious complex in Paschim Banga (West Bengal) at the headquarters of the global Hare Krishna sect which he liked to call as a ‘spiritual Disneyland’ . This complex he said was planned as a retreat to rejuvenate spirit and body.
Some more examples…
Another such place that many said was close to a spiritual Disneyland experience (minus the guy in the Goofy outfit) was the Sathya Sai Baba Ashram in Puttaparthi, Andhra Pradesh. However this term was not restricted to guru based ashrams and movements.
The pilgrim township of the Himalayan Rishikesh was also called ‘spiritual Disneyland’ by visitors who experienced package of meditation, tantric yoga and spiritual inspiration. In the same league of being a spiritual Disneyland is the Akshardham temple – a 100-acre cultural complex with 20,000 superbly sculpted figures, over 2 km long double-storeyed pilgrim pathway, 22-acres of lush lawns and trees with 900,000 saplings and shrubs of 250 varieties. Auroville ashram in Puducherry was also termed that way by ardent devotees. Off late, even the BJP a national political party included this term ‘spiritual Disneyland’ in their latest election manifesto only to boost religious tourism in Uttar Pradesh.
Is this ‘spiritual Disneyland’ a right term for India?
This term ‘spiritual Disneyland’ is probably poorly conceived as Indian spiritual destinations are no fantasy-lands and like Disneyland there is no entertainment value in Indian spirituality. Rather India could be called as a Global spiritual university where one can undertake a journey in learning to be fuller, holy and happier day after day.
Says Osho, India’s brilliant mystic,
“India is a symbol for nothing else except for learning meditation. It is a university of meditation and it is not just today – for centuries it has been the University of Meditation”.
Why India has been a mystical land…
For centuries, India has been a mystical land of meditation, contemplation and enlightenment where spiritual traditions flourished and still continuing to inspire. Given that India was the birthplace of non-dogmatic dharma-based traditions of Sanatan Dharma, Baudh Dharma, Jaina Dharma and Sikh Dharma, of which the first three are ancient, it is no surprise that India also has had many enlightened masters and Gurus. This happened despite who the ruler was and despite notorious invasions into the country since c. 300 BCE.
The invasions were from the North, West and the East for various reasons but had no detrimental effect on spiritual India. Of those who invaded India, majority of them were looters, rank despots and iconoclasts. They came simply because India had immense wealth.
According to modern economic historians between the 1st and 11th century CE, ancient India produced roughly 30% of the world’s GDP, followed by China. By comparison, in 1,000 CE entire Europe’s GDP was just 11%.
Wealth being the main attraction of the invaders, the science and spirituality only caught the attention of the intellectuals, scholars and pilgrims. Hardly any invader could understand the hidden or real India because they came from mono-cultures and never had any exposure to the diversity that Indian society had, especially in the realm of spirituality.
How to know the real spiritual India?
To get a fair understanding of real spiritual India, one can go through tons of Indian literary sources, royal court records, dynasty charitras, archeological evidence, inscriptions, coins, monuments, temple structures and accounts of those intellectuals who visited India like the Greek ethnographer Megasthenes (350 – 290 BCE), the Chinese pilgrims Fa-Hien (337 – 422 CE) and Huang Tsang (602 – 664 CE), the Iranian Alberuni (978-1048CE) etc. Another simper way is to visit any ashram and learn from a Guru who suits your rationality.
But finding the spiritual India in today’s modern India, which has become a land of contrasts and stereotyped mainly on the negatives, is not easy. The stereotypes about India are due to a short sighted and one-eyed pedestrian view and an inability to recognize the hidden treasure. The pedestrian view is unable to make out the sublime and the spiritual out of the materially inadequate India. However with the information age, things are changing and spiritual India is getting the recognition it deserves.
Where to find the real stuff…
As with the typical diversity of Indian food, climates, languages, sub-cultures, sects, customs, traditions etc, India has various pilgrimage and spiritual places all over the country. India is well known for being a spiritual land for pilgrimages.
Modern India still has all those holy places that ancient India had plus much more that shows us the real stuff. India has the holy cities, the sacred rivers, the abodes of divinities, the 4 Char-dhaam destinations, the 12 Jyotirling temples, the eight Ashta-Vinayak temples, the 6 Aaru-padai Murugan temples, the 56 Shaktipeeths, the temple cities like Tirupati, Madurai, Mathura etc, the various ashrams of the Gurus, birthplaces of the god incarnations, ancient temples and caves, places of enlightenment of the Gurus, the spiritual monuments of the various global movements and sects, etc…the list can go on.
Add to this the ancient monuments which keep inspiring the seekers. In fact, each state in India has a good share of many of the above holy places. One can also even follow the Buddhist trail to explore the true essence of Baudh Dharma – traveling to those places that were sanctified by the great Lord Buddha. This trail has beautiful caves, awe-inspiring monasteries, ancient Stupas, impressive shrines etc. of Lord Buddha. Same is with Jain and Sikh places of worship.
What’s an alternative term…
So a tag like spiritual Disneyland to Indian holy places is at best a gimmicky way of highlighting the wonderment of India’s cultural and the spiritual assets that are beyond normal comprehension.  Moreover Disneyland as we all know is an American amusement park and a fantasyland mainly with fictional characters for children. To call Indian holy spots as a spiritual Disneyland is not apt as India is a treasure trove of spirituality for all humanity and cannot be analogous to a fantasyland, even for marketing sake.
Spirituality is an inner quest and a staid one to which any commercial labeling is distasteful. Perhaps a better term for India would be ‘Spiritual University” or even a “Spiritual multiversity”. Or how about calling “India – the Fifth avenue of spirituality” or even”India – Rodeo drive for spirituality”.




Om Tat Sat
                                                        
(Continued...)  




(My humble salutations to  Sri Ramalingam ji and hindu samskrit dot com  for the collection)

Indian Culture and Traditions - 21



























Worship Of God As Mother In The Indian Tradition
By Swami Satyasthananda,



OF the diverse forms of worship prevalent in India from time immemorial, worship of the Divine Mother has occupied a place of singular significance. This idea of worshipping the Divine as the Eternal Mother has not been developed in any other religion of the world as it has been in the Hindu tradition and therefore it represents a unique contribution of Hindu thought to global religious culture.
According to Vedanta, when the formless and attributeless supreme Brahman assumes form with the help of its inscrutable power, maya, it is called Saguna Brahman or Ishvara. There are two aspects to the ultimate Reality: the absolute and the relative. From the absolute standpoint Brahman is impersonal and without attributes, nirguna; whereas from the relative standpoint it is saguna, the personal God. Though these two aspects appear to be mutually exclusive, they are in fact identical, much like fire and its power to burn.
In India the personal god is worshipped in various forms and is called by various names. This has led to the formation of different sects. To Shaivas Shiva is the Supreme Deity, to Vaishnavas, Vishnu; and to Shaktas, Shakti manifests as Mother or Devi. Again, according to the different temperaments of aspirants, the same deity is addressed as father, master, friend, beloved, or mother. Sri Ramakrishna always referred to God as ‘my Mother’. The idea of addressing and worshipping God as Mother is a very ancient tradition in India. This idea finds expression in the Vedas and the Upanishads and was further developed in the Purnas and the Tantras.
Origin and Development of Mother-Worship
In India, where according to Manu ‘the daughter is the highest object of tenderness’ and the mother is revered a thousand times more than the father’, the adoration of the female principle in the Creation has been in evidence from the very beginning of civilization. Not only has God been looked upon as the feminine par excellence, the Divine Mother, but women have also been looked upon as manifestations of the Divine Mother and have been offered worship at every stage of life -- as virgins, as married women and as mothers. The Divine Mother is not only the mother of the universe; she is also the Eternal Virgin. From remote antiquity, through unrecorded centuries, right up to our own times, the conception and adoration of the feminine principle as Divine has undergone such evolutionary changes that it is difficult to exactly determine how and when the different forms of goddesses originated and developed in India’s religious history.
The following seem to be plausible reasons for the development of Mother-worship in
India: (i) the position women enjoyed at home and in society in the days when such the highest of all feminine types at home and in society; (ii) the security the aspirant feels in the natural love and consideration of the mother towards her child; and (iii) the concept that God creates sustains, and destroys the universe by his Power or Shakti. Swami Vivekananda points out a source in an old Vedic hymn to the Goddess: “I am the light. I am the light of the sun and moon; I am the air which animates all beings.” This is the germ which afterwards develops into Mother –worship. By Mother –worship is not meant difference between father and mother. The first idea connoted by it is that of energy----I am the power that is in all beings.’ Mother-worship is a distinct philosophy in itself. Power is the first of our ideas. It impinges upon man at every step; power felt within is the soul; without, nature. And the battle between the two makes human life. All that we know or feel is but the resultant of these two forces. Man saw that the sun shines on the good and evil alike. Here was a new idea of god, as the Universal Power behind all---the Mother-idea was born.
Activity, according to Sankhya, belongs to Prakriti, to nature not to Purusha or soul. Of all feminine types in India, the mother is pre-eminent. The mother stands by her child through everything. Wife and children may desert a man, but his mother never! Mother, again is the impartial energy of the universe, because of the colourless love that asks not, desires not, cares not for the evil in her child but loves him the more. And today Mother-worship is the worship of all the highest classes amongst the Hindus
We find traces of Mother-worship in the  Indus civilization has been assigned to the third millennium BCE, and is characterized by urban culture. The female figurines in terracotta
found at Mohenjo-daro are comparable to similar artifacts excavated from archaeological sites in Baluchistan, Elam, Mesopotamia, Transcaspia, Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Cyprus, Crete, the Balkans and Egypt. It is probable that this devotion originated from a community of ideas shared by the people of these regions. The generally accepted view is that these figurines represent the Great Mother or Nature Goddess, whose worship, under various names and forms is still prevalent in India.
The Vedic Period
There is a widespread misconception that the worship of god as Mother is a post-Vedic or non-Vedic practice. But this idea has no basis. Before dealing with the worship of God as Mother in the Vedic period however, it is necessary to say a few words about the Vedic concept of the godhead.
The history of Hinduism can be traced back to the hymns recorded in the Rig Veda. In these hymns we have the most astonishing record of the march of the human mind from the worship of the half-personified forces of nature like fire, wind, and rain to the realization of the absolute Spirit. We find the religious poets of the Vedas groping their way towards the eternal---now marching ahead, now receding, now triumphant, and now dissatisfied---leaving behind them a trail of broken images, overthrown divinities, and abandoned faiths. Nothing mattered to them except a resolute search for unity.
The gods of popular belief, being only half-personified natural phenomena, gave them the clue. One god faded away into another. The same epithets had been employed to describe more than one God. When these divinities overlapped so much, it was inferred that they must all be one in essence. Hence the Vedic poets could freely extol one god as supreme at any given time, ignoring the claims of other gods. The myths of the Vedic Samhitas are unique in attributing the idea of infinity to every one of these gods. These deities or devas-----Indra, Varuna, Vayu, and so on--- are first worshipped as gods and then are raised to the status of the Supreme Being in whom the whole universe exists, who sees every heart, who is the ruler of the universe. Again with Varuna, another idea is perceptible in germ form: evil and fear. On committing evil deeds people become afraid and ask Varuna for pardon. These ideas of fear and sin never really took deep roots in Indian soil but the germs were there.
Thus in the Vedas we see an early form of monotheism. This invoking individual gods as the highest the elevation to supremacy of one god at a time has been termed ‘henotheism’ by Max Muller. The gods are thus taken up as it were, one after another raised and sublimated, till each has assumed the proportions of the infinite personal God of the universe. The same is true of the Vedic goddesses. But this monotheistic idea did not satisfy the Vedic mind. There was an attempt to get behind these powerful gods and grasp the ‘power; of which they were the manifestations. A well known hymn says: ‘that Being is one which the wise call by various names as Agni, Yama, and Matarishvan’2.
It is difficult to pinpoint the origin of the mother goddess idea in the Vedas, but the fact that deities like Aditi and Saraswati are described by rishis as ‘motherly’ shows that the idea of the Mother underlying such Puranic deities as Uma, Durga, Parvati, and Lakshmi is undoubtedly of Vedic origin. The Vedic seer worships divinity in various devotional moods, the most elementary being that of child towards its mother. We find this manifest in such Rig Vedic phases as ‘Pita mata sadaminmanusanam; Agni is always father and mother to humans’ (Rig Veda 6.I.5 ); ‘mateva yadbharase paprathano janam janam; (Agni) sustains all beings like a mother’ (5.15.4) and ‘vayam syama maturna sunavah; (O Usha!) let us be dear to you like sons to a mother (7.8i.4).
With the simplicity of a child Vedic seers look upon heaven and earth as Father and Mother and pray to them for protection from sin and guidance in the moral order. It is worth noting that when Mother Earth is invoked or entreated, she is usually invoked with Dyaus, yet it has to be admitted that the greatness and grandeur of Mother Earth commands reverential praise from her children with whom the offering of songs is the real worship.
The Vedic conception of the Mother goddess is found best represented in Aditi who is mentioned no less than eighty times in the Rig Veda. She is the mother not only of the gods----deva—mata---but also of kings, heroes, men, and women of the entire nature---the manifest as also that which lies in the womb of the future. She is the mistress of the moral order that governs the universe and also the giver of freedom. This tradition of Aditi being the mother of the gods is found continued even in the Puranas.
The ‘Durga Sukta of the Taittiriya Aranyaka is one of the most beautiful hymns in the Vedas. Therein Agni is conceived of as the Divine Mother Durga, the resplendent goddess, blazing in her power:
Tamagnivarnam tapasa jvalantim vairocanim karmaphalesu justam
Durgam devim saranamaham prapadye sutarasi tarase namah
I take refuge in the Goddess Durga, fiery in her luster and radiant with ardency, who is the power of the Supreme manifest in diverse forms, residing in actions and their results. O thou skilled in deliverance us, you steer us expertly across difficulties; salutations to thee.3
In another Vedic hymn Rishi Kushika invokes Night as Mother. She is the daughter of the heaven above pervades the worlds, protects all beings from evils, and gives them peaceful shelter in her lap, mother as she is. In later Puranic texts Night is described as originating from maya, the creative power of Brahman, and is called Bhuvaneshwari the sovereign mistress of the worlds. In the Durga Saptashati Mother Durga is given many epithets ending with the word ratri or night----kalaratri, maharatri, and so on.
The most striking and comprehensive concept of the Divine as Shakti in the Vedas is found in the ‘Devi Sukta’. The whole hymn is an ecstatic outpouring of the realization of Brahman by Vak, the daughter of the sage Ambhrina. Realizing her all pervasive identity she exclaims:
It is I (as identical with Brahman) who move in the form of the Rudras, the Vasus, the Adityas and all other gods… I am the sovereign power (over all the worlds ) bestower of all wealth, cognizant (of the Supreme Being) and the first among those to whom sacrificial homage is to be offered; the gods in all places worship but me, who am diverse in form and permeate everything… I give birth to the infinite expanse overspreading the earth my birthplace is in waters deep in the sea; there from do I permeate variously all the worlds, and touch the heaven above with my body. It is I who blow like the wind creating all the worlds; I transcend the heaven above, I transcend the earth below this is the greatness I have attained.
In the Upanishads
The Mother Goddess makes her appearance in the Kena Upanishad as Uma Haimavati, the power of Brahman. Having defeated the asuras, the devas led by Agni, Vayu, and Indra----were puffed up with pride. They considered themselves all-powerful without knowing where exactly their power came. Brahman appeared before them in the form of a yaksa to remove their conceit-----to show them that they were not only powerless but they also did not realize this fact. He asked Agni to burn a straw and Vayu to lift it. Both failed. To Indra the yaksa did not even grant an interview. When Indra felt humbled, Knowledge (of Brahman) made her appearance in the form of Uma, in all her splendor. She told Indra that the yaksa was none other than Brahman, the ultimate Reality, the source of all powers. The Devi Bhagavata dwells elaborately on this legend and records Indra’s adoration of the Supreme Mother through various hymns. According to Shankaracharya and Sayanacharya, the Vedic commentator, Uma, who imparts the knowledge of Brahman is vidya or ‘spiritual knowledge’ personified.
The Mundaka Upanishad also speaks of seven female powers----kali, karali, and so on---personifications of the flames of the sacrificial fire. The Shvetashvatara, a later theistic Upanishad, refers to the ‘innate power of the Supreme, concealed by its own nature. The sages realized that this power, maya, is none other than Prakriti or primordial nature of infinite variety, with knowledge and action as its natural forms’ (4.10;6.8)
In the Epics and Puranas
It is difficult to say with any degree of certainty if any of the ceremonials and worship rituals of the Divine Mother in any of her currently popular forms---Durga, Chandi, or Kali—were in vogue, as we know them today, during the Epic age of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. In the ‘Balakanda’ of the Ramayana we do get the story of goddess Uma, the youngest daughter of Mount Himavan, who was married to Rudra and was 'highly respected by all gods, including Brahma. The Mahabharata also mentions Pradyumna’s worship of Goddess Katyayani and Aniruddha’s hymn to Goddess Chandi. Of particular importance is King Yudhish-thira’s hymn to Goddess Durga.6 This hymn contains some descriptions of the Goddess which we are familiar with from Puranic times. In some recensions of the text we find another hymn to Durga chanted by Arjuna at the instance of Sri Krishna.7
Before we deal with the worship of the Divine Mother in the Puranas and Tantras we need to briefly review the origin and development of the idea of Shakti in India. In the concept of Shakti we find a happy blending of two elements, one empirical and the other speculative. On the empirical side is Shakti’s role in Puranic cosmogony. It is a universal human experience that there can be no creation without the union of two elements----the male and the female. By analogy with this empirical fact the Rishis conceived of the role of the primordial Father and primordial Mother in the origination of the universe. The Mother held a very important position in many ancient communities; hence it was natural that the cosmic Mother should become the most important deity. The linga and yoni---representing the masculine and feminine respectively----have been the traditional symbols of Shiva and Shakti since ancient times. In virtually every Shiva temple the deity is depicted in the dual aniconic linga-yoni form representing the eternal union of Shiva and Shakti.
Again, it was observed that all existent objects were associated with intrinsic powers. So the Supreme Being, who is responsible for the creation, preservation, and destruction of the universe, must posses infinite powers to carry out these functions. The very fact of its existence presupposes infinite powers. Though the belief in the powers of the Divine is universal, it is lent a special color in India by the dominant Indian tendency to view this power this universal energy as a female counterpart or consort of the ‘possessor of that power’. Thus Shakti came to occupy an important place in the religious consciousness of not only the Shaktas----for whom Shakti is supreme---but also of virtually every other religious sect, including the Shaivas, the Sauras, the Ganapatyas, and the Vaishnavas.
This strong belief in Shakti has fostered a popular synthesis of such apparently contradictory philosophies as Sankhya, Vedanta, Vaishnavism, and Tantra. The Sankhya speaks of Purusha and Prakriti as two independent ultimate realities whose interaction is of the nature of an object and its witness, the ‘accidental’ contact of Prakriti being a mere attribution on the unattached Purusha. In the Puranas and related popular religious literature Prakriti is plainly conceived of as Purusha’s female counterpart, and the Prakriti and Purusha of the Sankhyas become identified with Shakti and Shiva in the Tantras. Similarly, in Vedanta the principle of maya is viewed as the Shakti of Brahman. In later popular religious traditions these pairs came to be identified with such deities as Vishnu and Radha.
Though we have traced the origin of Mother worship to the Vedas as well as to pre-Vedic cults, it is in the Puranas and the Tantras that the concept of Shakti as Mother-Goddess attained remarkable development. We find many of the feminine deities of the Vedas and the Upanishads gradually becoming the Supreme Goddess in the Puranas and the Tantras. Such relations may be traced between the Vedic Goddess Ratri and the Puranic deities Kali and Parvati. In the Brihaddevata Devi Vak is addressed as Ratri, Saraswati, Aditi and Durga.8
In the vast and varied corpus of Puranic literature where the abstract principles of the Vedas and the Upanishads are manifested in more concrete forms, Shakti appears in the form of such deities as Chandi, Durga, Jagaddhatri, and Annapurna. The voluminous Devi Bhagavata is devoted to the celebration of various exploits of the Great Goddess. Another important Shakta text is the Devi Mahatmya or Durga Saptashati, also known popularly as Chandi. Comprising thirteen chapters from the Markandeya Purana, this text elaborates upon the concept of Shakti as the Great Mother and the highest Truth through allegory and is regarded as the most sacred text of the mother-worshippers of India.
In the Chandi the goddess has been mainly styled Devi” but she became well-known in later times as Durga. The epithet ‘Durga’ has been variously interpreted in Puranic and Tantric literature, the central idea being that of the Mother Goddess who saves us from every misery and affliction, from all danger and difficulty. She is also called Chandi, the fierce goddess, in which form she incarnates herself for the purpose of destroying the asuras whenever they threaten the mental peace and heavenly dominion of the devas. Durga is also worshipped as Annapurna or Annada, the giver of food, and as Jagaddhatri, one who upholds the world. In spring she is worshipped as Vasanti, the spring goddess.
In the ‘Devi Kavacha’ an auxiliary of the Chandi, the Devi is conceived of in nine forms, Nava-durga: Shailaputri, daughter of the mountains; Brahmacharini, dwelling in Brahman; Chandraghanta, who has the moon for her bell; Kushmanda, the fertile,; Skandamata, mother of the war god Skanda; Katyayani, the daughter of Rishi Katyayana; Kalaratri, the dark night of dissolution; Mahagauri, the light of knowledge; and Siddhidatri, the bestower of success. The Devi is also conceived of in three forms according to the preponderance of each of the three gunas: of sattva, Maha-saraswati; of rajas, Maha-lakshmi,and of tamas, Maha-Kali.
The ten Mahavidyas are another set of representations of the Devi. Their origin is narrated in connection with the legend of Shiva and his consort Sati. Sati’s father Daksha undertook a big sacrifice and invited all the gods to attend it. But he deliberately chose to ignore his son-in-law Shiva because of his rustic habits and disheveled appearance. Shiva, of course, did not feel offended, but Sati did. She decided to visit the sacrifice and disrupt it. Shiva was not willing to permit this. Sati’s anger increased and she assumed the ten largely fearsome forms of the Mahavidyas: Kali, Tara, Shodashi, Bhuvaneshwari, Bhairavi, Matangi, Chhinnamasta, Dhumavati, Bagala, and Kamala. Scholars are disposed to think of the ten Mahavidyas as different local deities who were later associated with and assimilated into the great Mother Goddess tradition through legend and theology. The sadhakas, on the other hand, would take them as different aspects of the same Great Mother Shakti suited to the tastes, temperaments, and mental levels of spiritual aspirants.
It will not be out of place here to mention the denouement of the story of Daksha’s sacrifice. Sati goes to the sacrifice and unable to stand the insult heaped on her husband, ends her life by entering the sacrificial fire. On getting the news of Sati’s demise Shiva is beside himself with grief and starts roaming the universe with Sati’s corpse on his shoulder. Fearing that Shiva’s grief and anger would ruin the worlds; the gods approach Vishnu for help. Vishnu, the ever-merciful protector of the universe, quietly approaches Shiva and with his discus dismembers Sati’s corpse into fifty-one pieces. Relieved of the corpse, Shiva manages to overcome his grief while each of the fifty-one places where parts of Sati’s body fall become sacred to the worshippers of Devi.
The Durga Saptashati gives us a glimpse into the nature of the Divine mother in the hymn addressed to her by Brahma, the Creator:
You are verily that which cannot be uttered specifically. You are Savitri (the liberating mantra) and the Supreme mother of the gods.
By you this universe is borne, by you this world is created, by you it is protected, O Mother Divine and you always consume it at the end. O you who are ( always ) of the form of the whole world, at the time of creation you are of the form of the creative force, at the time if sustentation you are of the form of protective power, and at the time of dissolution of the world, you are of the form of destructive power. You are the supreme knowledge as well as the great nescience, the great intellect and contemplation and also the great delusion. The power of good is yours; the power of evil too is yours.
You are the primordial cause of everything, bringing into force the three gunas---sattva, rajas and tamas---You are the dark night of periodic dissolution. You are the great night of final dissolution and the terrible night of delusion. You are the goddess of good fortune, the ruler, and modesty, intelligence characterized by knowledge bashfulness, nourishment, contentment, tranquility and forbearance. Armed with various weapons you are terrible. Again you are pleasing, yea, more pleasing than all the pleasing things and exceedingly beautiful. You are indeed the Supreme Empress, beyond the high and low.
And whatever, or wherever a thing exists, conscient or non-conscient, whatever power all that possess is yourself.9
This is the soul-enthralling conception of the Divine Mother whom Hindus worship with great eclat in autumn. This autumnal worship of Mother Durga is especially prominent in Bengal. In the image used for this worship she is usually portrayed in the form of Mahisha-who took the form of a buffalo, as narrated in the Chandi. The Devi has a lion for her vahana, vehicle, and is accompanied by her daughters Lakshmi and Saraswati---or her companions Jaya and Vijaya---as well as her sons Ganesha the giver of success, and Kartika the commander-in chief of the gods. Kali is another popular goddess whose special annual worship is performed on the new moon night after the autumnal Durga Puja.
References
1. The complete Works of Swami Vivekananda, 9 vols
(Calcutta: Advaita Ashrama, i-8, i989, 9, I997)
2. Rig  Veda ,
3. Taittiriya Aranyaka,
4. great women of India, ed. Swami Madhavananda and Rameshchandra Majumdar ( Calcutta: Advaita Ashrama,
5. Shvetashvatara Upanishad
6. Mahabharata, ‘Virata Parva, chap.6
7. Mahabharata, Bhishma Parva, chap. 23
8. Brihaddevata, 2.74-9
9. See Swami Budhananda, ‘Worship of God as Mother, Vedanta Kesari,







Om Tat Sat
                                                        
(Continued...) 





(My humble salutations to  H H Sri Swami Satyasthananda  ji and hindu samskrit dot com  for the collection)