darśanas
Description
Each darśanas was tersely formulated in sutra form by its "founder," and elaborated in extensive commentaries by other writers. They are understood as varied attempts at describing Truth and the path to it. Elements of each form part of the Hindu fabric today.
Darśana
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Founder
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Sutra
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Meaning
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Description
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System, rule;
logic.
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A system of logical
realism, founded by Gautama, known for its systems of logic and epistemology
and concerned with the means of acquiring right knowledge. Its tools of enquiry
and rules for argumentation were adopted by all schools of Hinduism.
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Distinctionism
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From "vishesha," differences.
Philosophy founded by Kanada teaching that liberation is to be attained
through understanding the nature of existence, which is classified in nine dravyas (basic realities): earth,
water, light, air, ether, time, space, soul and mind. Nyaya and Vaisheshika
are viewed as a complementary pair, with Nyaya emphasizing logic,
and Vaisheshika analyzing the nature of the world.
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Sankhya Sutras; Gita starts
with this philosophy
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Enumeration,
reckoning
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A philosophy
founded by the sage Kapila, author of the Sankhya Sutras. Sankhya is
primarily concerned with "categories of existence," tattvas, which it understands as
25 in number. The first two are the Unmanifest Purusha and the Manifest
Primal Nature, prakriti — the
male-female polarity, viewed as the foundation of all existence. Prakriti,
out of which all things evolve, is the unity of the three gunas: sattva, rajas and tamas. Sankhya and Yoga
are considered an inseparable pair whose principles permeate all of Hinduism.
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Yoking; joining
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Ancient tradition
of philosophy and practice codified by Patanjali in the Yoga Sutras. It is also known
as raja yoga, "king of
yogas," or ashtanga yoga,
"eight-limbed yoga." Its object is to achieve, at will, the
cessation of all fluctuations of consciousness, and the attainment of Self Realization. Yoga is
wholly dedicated to putting the high philosophy of Hinduism into practice, to
achieve personal transformation through transcendental experience, samadhi.
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Inquiry
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Founded by Jaimini,
author of the Mimamsa Sutras, who taught the correct performance of Vedic
rites as the means to salvation.
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End (or culmination)
of the Vedas
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For Vedanta,
the main basis is the Upanishads
and Aranyakas (the
"end," anta, of the Vedas), rather than the hymns and
ritual portions of the Vedas. The
teaching of Vedanta is that there is one Absolute Reality, Brahman. Man is one with Brahman,
and the object of life is to realize that truth through right knowledge,
intuition and personal experience. The Vedanta Sutras (or Brahma Sutras) were
composed by Rishi Badarayana.
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Om Tat Sat
(Continued...)
(My humble salutations to Veda wicki dot and Philosophers, Historians for
the collection)
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